Fashion, clothing that is in style at a particular
time. The concept of fashion implies a process of style change, because fashions
in dress, as well as in furniture and other objects, have taken very different
forms at different times in history. Thus, when English playwright William
Shakespeare observed in the 16th century that “the fashion wears out more
apparel than the man,” he meant that clothing becomes unfashionable long before
it has worn out.
Back in Shakespeare's day, only upper-class
people dressed fashionably; the mass of the rural peasantry wore simple clothing
that hardly changed over many generations. Since the beginning of the 20th
century, however, fashions have changed rapidly. We would look strange indeed if
we wore the styles our great-grandparents wore. And most people—at least in the
West—follow fashion to some extent, because fashion refers to much more than the
haute couture, the exclusive and expensive clothing produced by leading
designers. Even schoolchildren are aware that fashions exist, and change, in
running shoes. Nevertheless, we do tend to distinguish, however imprecisely,
between basic clothing, such as blue jeans, parkas, and T-shirts, and the latest
trendy fashions created by fashion designers. This article follows fashion in
the West from its beginnings in Europe to the present. For more information on
everyday clothing around the world, see Clothing.
Fashion reflects the society of which it is a
part. It has been influenced by wars, conquests, laws, religion, and the arts.
Individual personalities have also had an impact on fashion. Royalty and heads
of state have set fashion, and in the 20th century media stars have emerged as
leaders of fashion. French writer Anatole France said that if he could come back
to Earth 100 years after his death and have only one thing to read, he would
choose a fashion magazine because that would show him the way people lived.
Fashion also has its critics, who have at times
denounced fashion as irrational, frivolous, tyrannical, and immoral. Why should
pink be in fashion one season and gray the next season? Why do people follow
fashion like sheep when they have enough clothes already? A common accusation is
that fashion designers accelerate fashion change to create new business. Yet no
new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it. The final decision
about what to buy, or whether to buy anything at all, belongs to the consumer.
Ultimately, fashions change because many people like new and different
styles.
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